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. Gong, Yubao; Yang, Chen; Liu, Yang; Liu, Jianguo; Qi, Xin 2016-06-01 Hereditary onycho-osteodysplasia, also known as nail-patella syndrome (NPS), is a rare genetic disorder that is primarily characterized by poorly developed nails and patella. Patients with NPS frequently suffer from patellar instability that requires surgical management. The present case report describes a 25-year-old man with NPS. The patient presented with left knee pain and was found to have recurrent left patellar dislocation.

The knee pain was first reported 1-year after a minor knee trauma incident. Following complete evaluation, a diagnosis of NPS was reached.

The patient underwent surgical intervention using medial patellofemoral ligament ( MPFL) reconstruction with a gracilis tendon autograft looped through two transverse 3.2-mm drill holes in the patella and fixed at the natural MPFL insertion site on the medial femoral condyle with an interference screw. The surgery resulted in stabilization of the patella in the femoral trochlea and the patient did not have any subsequent dislocations or subluxations.

The manipulation of these drainage areas with MLD strokes creates a “suction effect” in the healthy lymph vessels located in the drainage areas, which enables accumulated lymph fluid to move from a region with insufficient lymphatic drainage into an area with normal lymphatic drainage, and eventually back into the venous system.

The patient had an excellent range of knee movement in the follow-up period. This case indicates that MPFL reconstruction in patients with patellar dislocation secondary to NPS can successfully restore normal patellar tracking and result in good range of movement and functional activity. GONG, YUBAO; YANG, CHEN; LIU, YANG; LIU, JIANGUO; QI, XIN 2016-01-01 Hereditary onycho-osteodysplasia, also known as nail-patella syndrome (NPS), is a rare genetic disorder that is primarily characterized by poorly developed nails and patella. Patients with NPS frequently suffer from patellar instability that requires surgical management.

The present case report describes a 25-year-old man with NPS. The patient presented with left knee pain and was found to have recurrent left patellar dislocation. The knee pain was first reported 1-year after a minor knee trauma incident. Following complete evaluation, a diagnosis of NPS was reached. The patient underwent surgical intervention using medial patellofemoral ligament ( MPFL) reconstruction with a gracilis tendon autograft looped through two transverse 3.2-mm drill holes in the patella and fixed at the natural MPFL insertion site on the medial femoral condyle with an interference screw.

The surgery resulted in stabilization of the patella in the femoral trochlea and the patient did not have any subsequent dislocations or subluxations. The patient had an excellent range of knee movement in the follow-up period. This case indicates that MPFL reconstruction in patients with patellar dislocation secondary to NPS can successfully restore normal patellar tracking and result in good range of movement and functional activity. PMID:27284321.

Paschos, Nikolaos K 2017-01-01 Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is a traumatic event that can lead to significant functional impairment and inability to participate in high-level sports-related activities. ACL reconstruction is considered the treatment of choice for symptomatic ACL-deficient patients and can assist in full functional recovery.

Furthermore, ACL reconstruction restores ligamentous stability to normal, and, therefore, can potentially fully reinstate kinematics of the knee joint. As a consequence, the natural history of ACL injury could be potentially reversed via ACL reconstruction.

Evidence from the literature is controversial regarding the effectiveness of ACL reconstruction in preventing the development of knee cartilage degeneration. This editorial aims to present recent high-level evidence in an attempt to answer whether ACL injury inevitably leads to osteoarthritis and whether ACL reconstruction can prevent this development or not. PMID:28361013. Nelitz, Manfred; Dreyhaupt, Jens; Williams, Sean Robert March; Dornacher, Daniel 2015-12-01 Severly increased femoral anteversion is an important risk factor for patellofemoral instability. Recurrent dislocations cause a traumatic disruption of the medial patellofemoral ligament. Therefore a procedure that combines femoral derotation osteotomy and patellofemoral ligament reconstruction should be considered for patients with severely increased femoral anteversion.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the subjective and objective outcomes after combined femoral derotation osteotomy and anatomical reconstruction of the MPFL. 12 consecutive patients (12 knees) with patellofemoral instability and severely increased femoral anteversion underwent combined femoral derotation osteotomy and anatomical reconstruction of the MPFL. Preoperative radiographic examination included AP and lateral views to assess patella alta. MRI was performed to evaluate trochlear dysplasia and tibial tubercle-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance. Additionally, MRI assessment of the rotational profile was performed. Evaluation included evaluation of cartilage injuries, preoperative and postoperative physical examination, visual analog scale (VAS), Kujala score, International Knee Documentation Committee score (IKDC), Activity Rating Scale (ARS) and Tegner activity score. The average age at the time of operation was 18.2 years (range, 15-26 years).

The average follow-up after operation was 16.4 months postoperatively (range, 12-28 months). No recurrent dislocation occurred. The results showed a significant improvement of the Kujala score, IKDC score and VAS (p. Wenny, Raphael; Duscher, Dominik; Meytap, Emmy; Weninger, Patrick; Hirtler, Lena 2015-06-01 For operative reconstruction, precise anatomic information on the dimensions of the ankle ligaments is important and can help to optimize these procedures. The purpose of this study was to investigate the length and width dimensions of the ankle ligaments and to contrast the results with the published literature. Seventeen non-paired adult, formalin-fixed ankle specimen were dissected to expose the capsuloligamentous structures. The following ligaments were investigated: tibiofibular syndesmosis (anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligament/ATiFL and PTiFL), lateral ankle ligaments (anterior and posterior talofibular ligament, calcaneofibular ligament/ATFL, PTFL and CFL), medial ankle ligaments (deltoid ligament, anterior and posterior tibiotalar ligament/ATTL and PTTL).

After identification of the ligaments, the dimensions were measured with a ruler and a sliding caliper. Additionally, the attachment area and the center of insertion (COI) were evaluated. The dimensions of the ligaments were recorded.

Measurements were calculated and discussed according to the existing literature. The tibial COI of the ATiFL was situated 8.35 ± 2.05 mm from the inferior articular surface of the tibia and 5.04 ± 1.32 mm from the fibular notch. Its fibular COI was situated 25.45 ± 5.84 mm from the tip of the lateral malleolus and 3.12 ± 1.01 mm from the malleolar articular surface. The calcaneal COI of the CFL was situated 20.63 ± 3.56 mm anterior and 5.73 ± 1.89 mm plantar to the superior edge of the calcaneal. Its fibular attachment of the CFL was directly at the tip of the lateral malleolus, dorsal to the fibular attachment of the ATFL.

Studies of the therapeutic options in severe ankle ligament injuries have shown better results in anatomical reconstructions compared to other operative treatments. To optimize these procedures, exact anatomical information on the dimensions of the ankle ligaments should be beneficial. Free download mame32 roms pack zip. Criscenti, G; De Maria, C; Sebastiani, E; Tei, M; Placella, G; Speziali, A; Vozzi, G; Cerulli, G 2016-02-01 The medial patellofemoral ligament ( MPFL) is considered the most important passive patellar stabilizer and acts 50-60% of the force of the medial soft-tissue which restrains the lateralization of the patella between 0° and 30°. In this work, 24 human knees have been tested to evaluate the material properties of MPFL and to determine the structural behavior of femur- MPFL-Patella complex (FMPC).

Particular attention was given to maintain the anatomical orientation between the patella and MPFL and to the evaluation of the elongation during the mechanical tests. The ultimate stress of the isolated ligament was 16±11MPa, the ultimate strain was 24.3±6.8%, the Young׳s Modulus was 116±95MPa and the strain energy density was 2.97±1.69MPa. The ultimate load of the whole structure, FMPC, was 145±68N, the ultimate elongation was 9.5±2.9mm, the linear stiffness was 42.5±10.2N/mm and the absorbed energy was 818.8±440.7Nmm. The evaluation of material and structural properties of MPFL is fundamental to understand its contribution as stabilizer and for the selection of repair and reconstruction methods. Bitar, Alexandre Carneiro; D'Elia, Caio Oliveira; Demange, Marco Kawamura; Viegas, Alexandre Christo; Camanho, Gilberto Luis 2015-01-01 Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the surgical results from reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament ( MPFL) with non-operative treatment of primary patellar dislocation.

Methods: Thirty-nine patients (41 knees) with patellar dislocation were randomized into two groups. One group was treated conservatively (immobilization and physiotherapy) and other was treated surgically with reconstruction of the MPFL, and the results were evaluated with a minimum follow-up of two years. The Kujala questionnaire was applied to assess pain and quality of life, and recurrences were evaluated. Pearson's chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used in the statistical evaluation. Results: The statistical analysis showed that the mean Kujala score was significantly lower in the conservative group (70.8), compared with the mean value in the surgical group (88.9), with p = 0.001. The surgical group presented a higher percentage of “good/excellent” Kujala score results (71.43%) than in the conservative group (25.0%), with p = 0.003.

The conservative group presented a greater number of recurrences (35% of the cases), while in the surgical group there were no reports of recurrences and/or subluxation. Conclusions: Treatment with reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament using the patellar tendon produced better results, based on the analysis of post-treatment recurrences and the better final results from the Kujala questionnaire after a minimum follow-up period of two years.

PMID:27027072. Bitar, Alexandre Carneiro; D'Elia, Caio Oliveira; Demange, Marco Kawamura; Viegas, Alexandre Christo; Camanho, Gilberto Luis 2011-01-01 The aim of this study was to compare the surgical results from reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament ( MPFL) with non-operative treatment of primary patellar dislocation. Thirty-nine patients (41 knees) with patellar dislocation were randomized into two groups.

One group was treated conservatively (immobilization and physiotherapy) and other was treated surgically with reconstruction of the MPFL, and the results were evaluated with a minimum follow-up of two years. The Kujala questionnaire was applied to assess pain and quality of life, and recurrences were evaluated. Pearson's chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used in the statistical evaluation. The statistical analysis showed that the mean Kujala score was significantly lower in the conservative group (70.8), compared with the mean value in the surgical group (88.9), with p = 0.001. The surgical group presented a higher percentage of 'good/excellent' Kujala score results (71.43%) than in the conservative group (25.0%), with p = 0.003.

The conservative group presented a greater number of recurrences (35% of the cases), while in the surgical group there were no reports of recurrences and/or subluxation. Treatment with reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament using the patellar tendon produced better results, based on the analysis of post-treatment recurrences and the better final results from the Kujala questionnaire after a minimum follow-up period of two years. Kepler, Christopher K; Bogner, Eric A; Hammoud, Sommer; Malcolmson, George; Potter, Hollis G; Green, Daniel W 2011-07-01 Patellar dislocation is a common traumatic injury in the pediatric and adolescent population.

The primary constraint to lateral subluxation and dislocation of the patella is the medial patellofemoral ligament ( MPFL), which serves to resist lateral translation of the patella. Injury to the MPFL may predispose to recurrent dislocation but the anatomic site of injury is poorly characterized in children and adolescents. The authors addressed 2 questions: (1) What is the zone of injury to the MPFL in a pediatric/adolescent population after primary patellar dislocation? (2) What is the location of the femoral attachment of the MPFL with respect to the growth plate? Cohort study (prevalence); Level of evidence, 2.

Patients were eligible if they were ≤18 years of age and suffered a recent patellar dislocation characterized by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of high T2-signal intensity in the lateral femoral condyle. Patients were excluded if they had a history of prior dislocations, prior knee surgery, or congenital dislocation. Two musculoskeletal radiologists and an orthopaedic resident reviewed MRI scans of 43 children. The MPFL was divided into 3 zones: patellar insertion, femoral insertion, and midsubstance. The zone of injury was confirmed by the presence of associated soft tissue edema on short tau inversion recovery sequences and the distance from the MPFL insertion to the medial distal femoral growth plate was measured. Associated injuries were noted and the Insall-Salvati ratio was measured.

The MPFL injury was isolated to the patellar attachment in 61% of patients and to the femoral attachment in 12%. Twelve percent of patients had injury at both the patellar and femoral attachments. Six percent had no identifiable MPFL injury and 9% had combinations of midsubstance and either patellar or femoral attachment injuries.

The kappa value for injury determinations was 0.71, indicating substantial concordance. The MPFL insertion site averaged 5 mm distal to. Barker, Lauren E; Markowski, Alycia M; Henneman, Kimberly 2012-03-01 This case describes the selective use of digital infrared thermal imaging for a 48-year-old woman who was being treated by a physical therapist following left anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with a semitendinosus autograft.

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Kruse, L.M.; Gray, B.; Wright, R.W. 2012-01-01 Background: Rigorous rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is necessary for a successful surgical outcome. A large number of clinical trials continue to assess aspects of this rehabilitation process. Prior systematic reviews evaluated fifty-four Level-I and II clinical trials published through 2005. Methods: Eighty-five articles from 2006 to 2010 were identified utilizing multiple search engines. Twenty-nine Level-I or II studies met inclusion criteria and were evaluated with use of the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) criteria. Topics included in this review are postoperative bracing, accelerated strengthening, home-based rehabilitation, proprioception and neuromuscular training, and six miscellaneous topics investigated in single trials.

Results: Bracing following ACL reconstruction remains neither necessary nor beneficial and adds to the cost of the procedure. Early return to sports needs further research.

Home-based rehabilitation can be successful. Although neuromuscular interventions are not likely to be harmful to patients, they are also not likely to yield large improvements in outcomes or help patients return to sports faster. Thus, they should not be performed to the exclusion of strengthening and range-of-motion exercises. Vibration training may lead to faster and more complete proprioceptive recovery but further evidence is needed. Conclusions: Several new modalities for rehabilitation after ACL reconstruction may be helpful but should not be performed to the exclusion of range-of-motion, strengthening, and functional exercises. Accelerated rehabilitation does not appear to be harmful but further investigation of rehabilitation timing is warranted.

Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence. PMID:23032584. Okoroha, Kelechi R.; Keller, Robert A.; Jung, Edward K.; Khalil, Lafi; Marshall, Nathan; Kolowich, Patricia A.; Moutzouros, Vasilios 2016-01-01 Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is a common outpatient procedure that is accompanied by significant postoperative pain. Purpose: To determine differences in acute pain levels between patients undergoing ACL reconstruction with bone–patellar tendon–bone (BTB) versus hamstring tendon (HS) autograft.

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Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A total of 70 patients who underwent primary ACL reconstruction using either BTB or HS autografts consented to participate. The primary outcome of the study was postoperative pain levels (visual analog scale), which were collected immediately after surgery and for 3 days postoperatively. Secondary outcome measures included opioid consumption (intravenous morphine equivalents), hours slept, patient satisfaction, reported breakthrough pain, and calls to the physician. Results: Patients treated with BTB had increased pain when compared with those treated with HS in the acute postoperative period (mean ± SD: day 0, 6.0 ± 1.7 vs 5.2 ± 2.0 P =.066; day 1, 5.9 ± 1.7 vs 4.9 ±1.7 P =.024; day 2, 5.2 ± 1.9 vs 4.1 ± 2.0 P =.032; day 3, 4.8 ± 2.1 vs 3.9 ± 2.3 P =.151). There were also significant increases in reported breakthrough pain (day 0, 76% vs 43% P =.009; day 1, 64% vs 35% P =.003) and calls to the physician due to pain (day 1, 19% vs 0% P =.041) in the BTB group.

There were no significant differences in narcotic requirements or sleep disturbances. Overall, the BTB group reported significantly less satisfaction with pain management on days 0 and 1 (P =.024 and.027, respectively). Conclusion: A significant increase in acute postoperative pain was found when performing ACL reconstruction with BTB compared with HS. Patients treated with BTB were more likely to have breakthrough pain, decreased satisfaction with their pain management, and to contact their physician due to pain. These findings suggest a difference in early postoperative pain between the 2 most.

Samitier, Gonzalo; Marcano, Alejandro I.; Alentorn-Geli, Eduard; Cugat, Ramon; Farmer, Kevin W; Moser, Michael W 2015-01-01 The present review classifies and describes the multifactorial causes of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery failure, concentrating on preventing and resolving such situations. The article particularly focuses on those causes that require ACL revision due to recurrent instability, without neglecting those that affect function or produce persistent pain. Although primary ACL reconstruction has satisfactory outcome rates as high as 97%, it is important to identify the causes of failure, because satisfactory outcomes in revision surgery can drop to as much as 76%.

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It is often possible to identify a primary or secondary cause of ACL surgery failure; even the most meticulous planning can give rise to unexpected findings during the intervention. The adopted protocol should therefore be sufficiently flexible to adapt to the course of surgery. Preoperative patient counseling is essential. The surgeon should limit the patient’s expectations for the outcome by explaining the complexity of this kind of procedure. With adequate preoperative planning, close attention to details and realistic patient expectations, ACL revision surgery may offer beneficial and satisfactory results for the patient. PMID:26550585. Acevedo, Jorge; Vora, Anand 2013-12-01 The calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament complex is a critical static support of the medial arch of the foot.

Compromise of this structure has been implicated as a primary causative factor of talar derotation leading to the clinical deformity of peritalar subluxation. Few procedures have been described to address this deficiency. The technique we describe here is a simple yet effective method to reconstruct the spring ligament complex that can easily be used in conjunction with other more commonly used procedures for extra-articular reconstructions of this deformity. We believe this procedure allows for a more powerful deformity correction and may decrease dependency on other nonanatomic reconstructive procedures.

Bain, Gregory I.; Watts, Adam C.; McLean, James; Lee, Yu C.; Eng, Kevin 2015-01-01 Maintaining reduction of the scapholunate interval after reconstruction can be difficult. The authors performed scapholunate reconstruction using tensionable suture anchors in 8 patients. The anchors provide a fixed cable that both fixes the graft, and reduces the scapholunate diastasis and maintains reduction. The flexor carpi radialis tendon graft stabilizes not only the volar scaphotrapezial ligament, and dorsal scapholunate ligament, but also the dorsal intercarpal and dorsal radiocarpal ligament. The Berger flap is closed using an ulnar advancement capsulodesis that further reinforces the dorsal intercarpal and dorsal radiocarpal ligament. The mean pain score improved from 5.8 to 2.1. Mean extension was 56° (91% of contralateral side), flexion 44° (70% of contralateral side), and grip strength was 41kg (95% of the contralateral side).

The mean scapholunate angle was 71°, radiolunate angle 16° and scapholunate interval 3.0 mm. The cable augmented, quad ligament scapholunate ligament reconstruction offers theoretical advantages but long term follow up is required. PMID:26649256. Bonasia, Davide Edoardo; D’Amelio, Andrea; Pellegrino, Pietro; Rosso, Federica; Rossi, Roberto 2015-01-01 Although the importance of the anterolateral stabilizing structures of the knee in the setting of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries has been recognized since many years, most of orthopedic surgeons do not take into consideration the anterolateral structures when performing an ACL reconstruction. Anatomic single or double bundle ACL reconstruction will improve knee stability, but a small subset of patients may experience some residual anteroposterior and rotational instability. For this reason, some researchers have turned again towards the anterolateral aspect of the knee and specifically the anterolateral ligament. The goal of this review is to summarize the existing knowledge regarding the anterolateral ligament of the knee, including anatomy, histology, biomechanics and imaging.

In addition, the most common anterolateral reconstruction/tenodesis techniques are described together with their respective clinical outcomes. PMID:26330991. Christino, Melissa A; Fantry, Amanda J; Vopat, Bryan G 2015-08-01 Recovery following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is an arduous process that requires a significant mental and physical commitment to rehabilitation. Orthopaedic research in recent years has focused on optimizing anterior cruciate ligament surgical techniques; however, despite stable anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions, many athletes still never achieve their preinjury ability or even return to sport.

Psychological factors associated with patient perceptions and functional outcomes following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction are important to acknowledge and understand. Issues related to emotional disturbance, motivation, self-esteem, locus of control, and self-efficacy can have profound effects on patients' compliance, athletic identity, and readiness to return to sport. The psychological aspects of recovery play a critical role in functional outcomes, and a better understanding of these concepts is essential to optimize the treatment of patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, particularly those who plan to return to sport. Identifying at-risk patients, encouraging a multidisciplinary approach to patient care, and providing early referral to a sports psychologist may improve patient outcomes and increase return-to-play rates among athletes. Andreoli, Mauro; Zicaro, Juan Pablo; Yacuzzi, Carlos; Costa-Paz, Matias 2017-01-01 Objectives: Isolated Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) and Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL), or central pivot lesions are rare.

These are frequently associated with collateral ligaments injuries. The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate clinical and functional outcomes of 4 patients with acute ACL and PCL injury who underwent a simultaneous single-stage arthroscopic reconstruction. Methods: The inclusion criteria were patients with isolated ACL and PCL injuries, with a minimum follow-up of 2 years. We evaluated the type of graft used, the surgical technique and postoperative complications. The scales used for clinical evaluation were the Knee Society Score (KSS), IKDC, Lysholm and Tegner. Knee stability was assessed using the KT-1000 arthrometer.

Results: Three men and one woman, with an average age of 48 years (45 to 56 years) were evaluated. Three presented a sport injury and one a car accident. Mean follow-up was 8 years. In all patients allograft was used for ligament reconstruction. Average postoperative results were: KSS 74-82, Lysholm 76, IKDC 63 and Tegner 6. KT-1000 arthrometer showed an average difference of 4mm compared to the contralateral knee. One patient underwent reintervention due to meniscal injury.

Conclusion: ACL and PCL simultaneous single-stage reconstruction is a really demanding surgery. We achieved good results using allograft for both ligaments reconstruction. No clinical or functional postoperative complications were recorded.

Leonardi, Adriano Barros de Aguiar; Duarte, Aires; Severino, Nilson Roberto 2014-01-01 Objective: To assess the presence of tibial bone tunnel enlargement after surgical reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament using quadruple graft of the flexor tendons and correlate the functional results in their presence. Methods: The studied lasted six months and included 25 patients, with ages ranging from 18 to 43 years old.

Assessment was based on radiographs taken immediately postoperatively and at the third and sixth month of follow up in the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Reconstruction of ligaments was performed with tendon grafts of the semitendinosus and gracilis muscle fixated in the femur with transverse metal screw and in the tibia with interference screws. Patients were evaluated objectively by tests ligament, graded from zero to four crosses and subjectively by the Lysholm method preoperative and after sixth month follow up.

Results: Significant increase in the tunnels diameters were observed, 20.56% for radiographs in the anteroposterior view, 26.48% in profile view and 23.22% in computed tomography. Descriptive statistics showed significant improvement in subjective and objective clinical parameters. Conclusions: The bone tunnel enlargement is a phenomenon found in the first months after surgical reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament and it has no implications on clinical outcomes in the short term.

Level of Evidence II, Prospective Study. PMID:25328430. Ferreira, Marcio de Castro; Zidan, Flavio Ferreira; Miduati, Francini Belluci; Fortuna, Caio Cesar; Mizutani, Bruno Moreira; Abdalla, Rene Jorge 2016-01-01 Recent anatomical and biomechanical studies on the anterolateral ligament (ALL) of the knee have shown that this structure has an important function in relation to joint stability, especially when associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. However, the criteria for its reconstruction have not yet been fully established and the surgical techniques that have been described present variations regarding anatomical points and fixation materials.

This study presents a reproducible technique for ALL and ACL reconstruction using hamstring tendons, in which three interference screws are used for fixation. Erickson, Brandon J.; Chalmers, Peter N.; Bush-Joseph, Charles A.; Verma, Nikhil N.; Romeo, Anthony A. 2015-01-01 Background: Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction (UCLR) is a common procedure in both professional and high-level athletes.

Purpose: To determine the effect of technique and level of play with UCLR on return to sport (RTS). Hypothesis: When comparing different surgical techniques or preoperative level of sports participation, there is no difference in rate of RTS after UCLR. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A systematic review was registered with PROSPERO and performed following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines using 3 publicly available free databases. Therapeutic clinical outcome investigations reporting UCLR outcomes with level of evidence 1 through 4 were eligible for inclusion.

All study, subject, and surgical technique demographics were analyzed and compared between continents and countries. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and 2-proportion 2-sample z-test calculators with α =.05 were used to compare RTS between level of play and technique. Results: Twenty studies (2019 patients/elbows; mean age, 22.13 ± 4 years; 97% male; mean follow-up, 39.9 ± 16.2 months) were included. The majority of patients were baseball players (94.5%), specifically pitchers (80%). The most common level of play was collegiate (44.6%). Palmaris longus (71.2%) and the American Sports Medicine Institute (ASMI) technique (65.6%) were the most common graft choice and surgical technique, respectively. There was a pooled 86.2% RTS rate, and 90% of players scored excellent/good on the Conway-Jobe scale.

RTS rates were higher among collegiate athletes (95.5%) than either high school (89.4%, P =.023) or professional athletes (86.4%, P.